@article {545, title = {Functional-State Dependence of Picosecond Protein Dynamics}, journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B}, volume = {125}, year = {2021}, pages = {11134-11140}, chapter = {11134}, abstract = {

We examine temperature-dependent picosecond dynamics of two benchmarking proteins lysozyme and cytochrome c using temperature-dependent terahertz permittivity measurements. We find that a double Arrhenius temperature dependence with activation energies E1 \~{} 0.1 kJ/mol and E2 \~{} 10 kJ/mol fits the folded and ligand-free state response. The higher activation energy is consistent with the so-called protein dynamical transition associated with beta relaxations at the solvent{\textendash}protein interface. The lower activation energy is consistent with correlated structural motions. When the structure is removed by denaturing, the lower-activation-energy process is no longer present. Additionally, the lower-activation-energy process is diminished with ligand binding but not for changes in the internal oxidation state. We suggest that the lower-energy activation process is associated with collective structural motions that are no longer accessible with denaturing or binding.

}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05018}, author = {George, D. K. and Chen, J. Y. and He, Yunfen and Knab, J. R. and Markelz, A. G.} } @article {224, title = {The 2017 terahertz science and technology roadmap}, journal = {Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics}, volume = {50}, number = {4}, year = {2017}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: EI0HL
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Konishi, Kuniaki/0000-0003-2389-9787; Zeitler, J. Axel/0000-0002-4958-0582; Hoffmann, Matthias C./0000-0002-3596-9853; Wallace, Vincent P/0000-0003-3814-5400; Johnston, Michael/0000-0002-0301-8033; Krozer, Viktor/0000-0002-2387-1947; Hoffmann, Matthias C/0000-0002-3596-9853; PAOLONI, CLAUDIO/0000-0002-0265-0862; Shams, Haymen/0000-0002-5333-6478; Huber, Rupert/0000-0001-6617-9283; Davies, Alexander/0000-0002-1987-4846; Seeds, Alwyn/0000-0002-5228-627X; Castro-Camus, Enrique/0000-0002-8218-9155; Cunningham, John/0000-0002-1805-9743; Naftaly, Mira/0000-0002-0671-822X; Cumming, David/0000-0002-7838-8362
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research CouncilUK Research \& Innovation (UKRI)Engineering \& Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/P015883/1, EP/M00306X/1, EP/K023349/1, EP/M017095/1, EP/L026597/1, EP/J017671/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Natural Environment Research CouncilUK Research \& Innovation (UKRI)NERC Natural Environment Research Council [NER/Z/S/2003/00642, NE/L012375/1, NER/Z/S/2000/01292] Funding Source: researchfish; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilUK Research \& Innovation (UKRI)Science \& Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/P002056/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Direct For Biological SciencesNational Science Foundation (NSF)NSF - Directorate for Biological Sciences (BIO) [1556359] Funding Source: National Science Foundation; Div Of Biological InfrastructureNational Science Foundation (NSF)NSF - Directorate for Biological Sciences (BIO) [1556359] Funding Source: National Science Foundation; Div Of Molecular and Cellular BioscienceNational Science Foundation (NSF)NSF - Directorate for Biological Sciences (BIO) [1616529] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Bristol
1361-6463}, month = {Feb}, pages = {49}, type = {Review}, abstract = {

Science and technologies based on terahertz frequency electromagnetic radiation (100 GHz-30 THz) have developed rapidly over the last 30 years. For most of the 20th Century, terahertz radiation, then referred to as sub-millimeter wave or far-infrared radiation, was mainly utilized by astronomers and some spectroscopists. Following the development of laser based terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in the 1980s and 1990s the field of THz science and technology expanded rapidly, to the extent that it now touches many areas from fundamental science to {\textquoteright}real world{\textquoteright} applications. For example THz radiation is being used to optimize materials for new solar cells, and may also be a key technology for the next generation of airport security scanners. While the field was emerging it was possible to keep track of all new developments, however now the field has grown so much that it is increasingly difficult to follow the diverse range of new discoveries and applications that are appearing. At this point in time, when the field of THz science and technology is moving from an emerging to a more established and interdisciplinary field, it is apt to present a roadmap to help identify the breadth and future directions of the field. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of THz science and technology in 2017, and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds. To be able to achieve this aim, we have invited a group of international experts to write 18 sections that cover most of the key areas of THz science and technology. We hope that The 2017 Roadmap on THz science and technology will prove to be a useful resource by providing a wide ranging introduction to the capabilities of THz radiation for those outside or just entering the field as well as providing perspective and breadth for those who are well established. We also feel that this review should serve as a useful guide for government and funding agencies.

}, keywords = {ex-vivo, generation, metal wave-guides, near-field, performance, photoconductive emitters, Physics, quantum-cascade lasers, radiation, semiconductors, Terahertz, thz, time-domain spectroscopy}, isbn = {0022-3727}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/50/4/043001}, author = {Dhillon, S. S. and Vitiello, M. S. and Linfield, E. H. and Davies, A. G. and Hoffmann, M. C. and Booske, J. and Paoloni, C. and Gensch, M. and Weightman, P. and Williams, G. P. and Castro-Camus, E. and Cumming, D. R. S. and Simoens, F. and Escorcia-Carranza, I. and Grant, J. and Lucyszyn, S. and Kuwata-Gonokami, M. and Konishi, K. and Koch, M. and Schmuttenmaer, C. A. and Cocker, T. L. and Huber, R. and Markelz, A. G. and Taylor, Z. D. and Wallace, V. P. and Zeitler, J. A. and Sibik, J. and Korter, T. M. and Ellison, B. and Rea, S. and Goldsmith, P. and Cooper, K. B. and Appleby, R. and Pardo, D. and Huggard, P. G. and Krozer, V. and Shams, H. and Fice, M. and Renaud, C. and Seeds, A. and Stohr, A. and Naftaly, M. and Ridler, N. and Clarke, R. and Cunningham, J. E. and Johnston, M. B.} } @article {184, title = {Photoactive yellow protein terahertz response: hydration, heating and intermediate states}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, year = {2013}, pages = {288-294}, isbn = {2156-342X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2256233}, author = {George, Deepu K and Knab, Joseph R and He, Yunfen and Kumauchi, Masato and Birge, Robert R and Hoff, Wouter D and Markelz, Andrea G} } @article {291, title = {Functional State Dependence of Picosecond Protein Dynamics}, journal = {arXiv:1105.4425}, year = {2012}, url = {http://arxiv.org/0054394}, author = {Chen, J. Y. and George, D. K. and He, Y. and Knab, J. R. and Markelz, A.G.} } @article {187, title = {Evidence of protein collective motions on the picosecond timescale}, journal = {Biophysical Journal}, volume = {100}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {1058-1065}, isbn = {0006-3495}, doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1016\%2Fj.bpj.2010.12.3731}, author = {He, Yunfen and Chen, J-Y and Knab, Joseph R and Zheng, Wenjun and Markelz, Andrea G} } @article {292, title = {Why is THz Sensitive to Protein Functional States? Oxidation State of Cytochrome C}, journal = {Terahertz Science and Technology}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, chapter = {149-162}, abstract = {

We investigate the presence of structural collective motions on a picosecond time scale for the heme protein, cytochrome c, as a function of oxidation and hydration, using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Structural collective mode frequencies have been calculated to lie in this frequency range, and the density of states can be considered a measure of flexibility. A dramatic increase in the THz response occurs with oxidation, with the largest increase for lowest hydrations and highest frequencies. For both oxidation states the measured THz response rapidly increases with hydration saturating above ~25\% (g H2O/g protein), in contrast to the rapid turn-on in dynamics observed at this hydration level for other proteins. Quasi-harmonic collective vibrational modes and dipole-dipole correlation functions are calculated from the molecular dynamics trajectories. The collective mode density of states alone reproduces the measured hydration dependence providing strong evidence of the existence of these collective motions. The large oxidation dependence is reproduced only by the dipole-dipole correlation function, indicating the contrast arises from diffusive motions consistent with structural changes occurring in the vicinity of a buried internal water molecule.

}, doi = {10.11906/TST.149-162.2010.12.15}, url = {http://www.tstnetwork.org/10.11906/TST.149-162.2010.12.15/}, author = {He,Y. and Chen, J.-Y. and Knab, J. R. and Zheng, W. and Markelz, A.G.} } @proceedings {232, title = {The role of the protein surface on the local biological water dynamics}, volume = {7397}, year = {2009}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: BVQ85
Times Cited: 0
Cited Reference Count: 12
Cited References:
Balu R, 2008, BIOPHYS J, V94, P3217, DOI 10.1529/biophysj.107.105163
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Chen JY, 2007, APPL PHYS LETT, V90, DOI 10.1063/1.2748852
He YF, 2008, PHYS REV LETT, V101, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.178103
Heugen U, 2006, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V103, P12301, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0604897103
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Liang, Wei He, Yunfen George, Deepu Markelz, A. G.
Proceedings Paper
Conference on Biosensing II
Aug 04-06, 2009
San Diego, CA
Spie
George, Deepu/J-9882-2014
George, Deepu/0000-0003-0021-0705; Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
1000 20th st, po box 10, bellingham, wa 98227-0010 usa
0277-786x
73970t}, publisher = {Spie-Int Soc Optical Engineering}, address = {Bellingham}, abstract = {

Protein function is reliant on structural flexibility and this flexibility is slaved to the surrounding solvent. Here we discuss how the exposed surface of the protein influences the solvent dynamics and thereby influences the protein{\textquoteright}s own structural dynamics. We discuss measurements of the THz absorption of water in the presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces.

}, keywords = {alanine, dynamics, hydration, lysine, lysozyme, proteins, relaxation, spectroscopy, Terahertz, thz}, isbn = {978-0-8194-7687-6}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828697}, author = {Liang, W. and He, Y. F. and George, D. and Markelz, A. G.}, editor = {Razeghi, M. and Mohseni, H.} } @proceedings {188, title = {The role of structure in the protein dynamical transition}, year = {2008}, pages = {1-3}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {1424421195}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIMW.2008.4665800}, author = {He, Yunfen and Markelz, Andrea G} } @inbook {303, title = {Development of Tagless Biosensors for Detecting the Presence of Pathogens}, booktitle = {Terahertz Frequency Detection and Identification of Materials and Objects}, volume = {ed X.-C. Zhang, R. E. Miles, H. Eisele and A. Krotkus}, year = {2007}, pages = {123-134}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, chapter = {9}, address = {Dordrecht, The Netherlands}, author = {Markelz, A. G. and Chen, J.-Y. and Knab, J. R. and He, Y. and Ye, S.} } @article {293, title = {Protein dynamical transition in terahertz dielectric response}, journal = {Chemical Physics Letters}, volume = {442}, year = {2007}, pages = {413 - 417}, abstract = {

The 200K protein dynamical transition is observed for the first time in the terahertz dielectric response. The complex dielectric permittivity ε=ε'+iε" is determined in the 0.2{\textendash}2.0THz and 80{\textendash}294K ranges. ε" has a linear temperature dependence up to 200K then sharply increases. The low temperature linear dependence in ε" suggests anharmonicity for temperatures 80K\<t\<180k, challenging="" the="" assumed="" harmonicity="" below="" 200k.="" temperature="" dependence="" is="" consistent="" with="" thermally="" activated="" sidechain="" motions="" and="" shows="" involved="" in="" dynamical="" transition="" extend="" to="" subpicosecond="" time="" scales.\<="" div=""\>

}, isbn = {0009-2614}, doi = {10.1016/j.cplett.2007.05.080}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000926140700680X}, author = {Markelz, Andrea G. and Knab, Joseph R. and Chen, Jing Yin and He, Yunfen} } @article {223, title = {Terahertz dielectric assay of solution phase protein binding}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {90}, number = {24}, year = {2007}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 179QR
Times Cited: 51
Cited Reference Count: 9
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Chen, Jing-Yin Knab, J. R. Ye, Shuji He, Yunfen Markelz, A. G.
Ye, Shuji/B-4479-2010
Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
53
1
42
Amer inst physics
Melville
1077-3118}, month = {Jun}, pages = {3}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

The authors demonstrate a method for rapid determination of protein-ligand binding on solution phase samples using terahertz dielectric spectroscopy. Measurements were performed using terahertz time domain spectroscopy on aqueous solutions below the liquid-solid transition for water. Small ligand binding sensitivity was demonstrated using triacetylglucosamine and hen egg white lysozyme with a decrease in dielectric response with binding. The magnitude of the change increases with frequency. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

}, keywords = {dynamics, lysozyme, Physics, spectroscopy, water}, isbn = {0003-6951}, doi = {10.1063/1.2748852}, author = {Chen, J. Y. and Knab, J. R. and Ye, S. J. and He, Y. F. and Markelz, A. G.} } @article {191, title = {Terahertz measurements of protein relaxational dynamics}, journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE}, volume = {95}, number = {8}, year = {2007}, pages = {1605-1610}, isbn = {0018-9219}, doi = {10.1109/JPROC.2007.898906}, author = {Knab, Joseph R and Chen, Jing-Yin and He, Yunfen and Markelz, Andrea G} } @proceedings {192, title = {Protein conformational dynamics measured with terahertz time domain spectroscopy}, year = {2006}, pages = {183-183}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {1424403995}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/47/21/318}, author = {Knab, Joseph R and Chen, Jing-Yin and Ye, Shuji and He, Yunfen and Markelz, Andrea G} } @proceedings {309, title = {Using terahertz spectroscopy as a protein binding assay}, volume = {Proc SPIE 6080,}, year = {2006}, month = {02/2006}, pages = {35-42}, address = { San Jose, California, United States}, abstract = {

The vibrational modes corresponding to protein tertiary structural motion lay in the far infrared or terahertz frequency range. These collective large scale motions depend on global structure and thus will necessarily be perturbed by ligand binding events. We discuss the use of terahertz dielectric spectroscopy to measure these vibrational modes and the sensitivity of the technique to changes in protein conformation, oxidation state and environment. A challenge of applying this sensitivity as a spectroscopic assay for ligand binding is the sensitivity of the technique to both bulk water and water bound to the protein. This sensitivity can entirely obscure the signal from the protein or protein-ligand complex itself, thus necessitating sophisticated sample preparation making the technique impractical for industrial applications. We discuss methods to overcome this background and demonstrate how terahertz spectroscopy can be used to quickly assay protein binding for proteomics and pharmaceutical research.

}, doi = {10.1117/12.664098}, author = {Chen, J.-Y. and Knab, J. R. and Ye, S. and He, Y. and Markelz, A. G.} } @proceedings {310, title = {Terahertz measurements of the Photoactive Protein Bacteriorhodopsin mutant D96N: M and P states}, volume = {826}, year = {2004}, pages = {pages261{\textendash}267}, address = {Warrendale, PA}, abstract = {

We use terahertz (THz) spectroscopy as a biomaterials characterization tool. Previously we have shown a strong contrast between the THz dielectric response for wild type (WT) and D96N mutant of bacteriorhodopsin. In those studies we observed a large increase in the THz absorbance of WT with excitation to thermally captured photo-intermediates whereas no such increase in absorbance was observed for the mutant D96N. These results suggest that the THz response is sensitive to structural changes and relative flexibility of biomolecules. However the photo-intermediate populations of the WT and D96N samples were not equivalent in those measurements. While the WT samples had relaxed (bR), M and P state intermediates present, the D96N samples had only bR and M states. Here we present terahertz absorbance measurements of D96N as a function of M and P state populations at room temperature. The THz response is constant for intermediate states populations up to 23\% M state and up to 30\% P state. These results verify that there is a fundamental difference in the conformational dynamics as measured by THz dielectric response for a single residue mutation.

}, doi = {10.1557/PROC-826-V2.6}, author = {Chen, C.-Y. and Knab, J. R. and Cerne, J. and Hillebrecht, J. R. and Birge, R. R. and Markelz, A. G.} } @article {273, title = {Protein flexibility and conformational state: A comparison of collective vibrational modes of wild-type and D96N bacteriorhodopsin}, journal = {Biophysical Journal}, volume = {85}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 705ZZ
Times Cited: 117
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Whitmire, SE Wolpert, D Markelz, AG Hillebrecht, JR Galan, J Birge, RR
Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCESUnited States Department of Health \& Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) [R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548, R01GM034548] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIGMS NIH HHSUnited States Department of Health \& Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) [R01 GM034548, R01 GM034548-15] Funding Source: Medline
122
3
31
Cell press
Cambridge
1542-0086}, month = {Aug}, pages = {1269-1277}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

Far infrared ( FIR) spectral measurements of wild-type (WT) and D96N mutant bacteriorhodopsin thin films have been carried out using terahertz time domain spectroscopy as a function of hydration, temperature, and conformational state. The results are compared to calculated spectra generated via normal mode analyses using CHARMM. We find that the FIR absorbance is slowly increasing with frequency and without strong narrow features over the range of 2-60 cm(-1) and up to a resolution of 0.17 cm(-1). The broad absorption shifts in frequency with decreasing temperature as expected with a strongly anharmonic potential and in agreement with neutron inelastic scattering results. Decreasing hydration shifts the absorption to higher frequencies, possibly resulting from decreased coupling mediated by the interior water molecules. Ground-state FIR absorbances have nearly identical frequency dependence, with the mutant having less optical density than the WT. In the M state, the FIR absorbance of the WT increases whereas there is no change for D96N. These results represent the first measurement of FIR absorbance change as a function of conformational state.

}, keywords = {angstrom resolution, Biophysics, dna, films, frequency, harmonic-analysis, inelastic neutron-scattering, large systems, mixed basis, normal-modes, purple membranes, structural-changes, transform infrared-spectroscopy}, isbn = {0006-3495}, doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74562-7}, author = {Whitmire, S. E. and Wolpert, D. and Markelz, A. G. and Hillebrecht, J. R. and Galan, J. and Birge, R. R.} } @proceedings {315, title = {Ultrafast THz spectroscopy of photoactive biomolecules}, year = {2003}, month = {01/2003}, pages = {146-153}, address = {San Jose, California}, author = {Chen, J.-Y. and Whitmire, S. E. and Markelz, A. G. and Hillebrecht, J. R. and Birge, R. R.} } @article {194, title = {THz time domain spectroscopy of biomolecular conformational modes}, journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology}, volume = {47}, number = {21}, year = {2002}, pages = {3797}, isbn = {0031-9155}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/47/21/318}, author = {Markelz, Andrea and Whitmire, Scott and Hillebrecht, Jay and Birge, Robert} } @proceedings {316, title = {Terahertz Time domain spectroscopy of the M intermediate state of Bacteriorhodopsin}, year = {2001}, month = {09/2001}, pages = {345-348}, address = {Toulouse, France}, author = {Whitmire, S. and Markelz, A. G. and Hillebrecht, J. R. and Birge, R. R.} } @article {271, title = {Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy of DNA, bovine serum albumin and collagen between 0.1 and 2.0 THz}, journal = {Chemical Physics Letters}, volume = {320}, number = {1-2}, year = {2000}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: 299RG
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WEIDLICH T, 1990, BIOPOLYMERS, V30, P477, DOI 10.1002/bip.360300324
WEIDLICH T, 1990, J BIOMOL STRUCT DYN, V8, P139, DOI 10.1080/07391102.1990.10507795
WITTLIN A, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P493, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.34.493
YOUNG L, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P7020, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.41.7020
ZHUANG W, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P7033, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevA.41.7033
Markelz, AG Roitberg, A Heilweil, EJ
Roitberg, Adrian/A-2378-2009
Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
598
7
235
Elsevier science bv
Amsterdam}, month = {Mar}, pages = {42-48}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

We report the first use of pulsed terahertz spectroscopy to examine low-frequency collective vibrational modes of biomolecules. Broadband absorption increasing with frequency was observed for lyophilized powder samples of calf thymus DNA, bovine serum albumin and collagen in the 0.06-2.00 THz (2-67 cm(-1)) frequency range, suggesting that a large number of the low-frequency collective modes for these systems are IR active. Transmission measurements at room temperature showed increasing FIR absorption with hydration and denaturing. (C) 2000 published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {b-dna, Chemistry, films, modes, Physics, proteins}, isbn = {0009-2614}, doi = {10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00227-X}, author = {Markelz, A. G. and Roitberg, A. and Heilweil, E. J.} } @article {270, title = {Temperature-dependent terahertz output from semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive switches}, journal = {Applied Physics Letters}, volume = {72}, number = {18}, year = {1998}, note = {ISI Document Delivery No.: ZK775
Times Cited: 22
Cited Reference Count: 21
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Markelz, AG Heilweil, EJ
Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
22

6
Amer inst physics
Woodbury}, month = {May}, pages = {2229-2231}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

The temperature dependence of the terahertz (THz) output power and spectra from biased photoconductive switches was measured for several antenna gap widths and applied biases. The spectrally integrated THz output had a nonmonotonic temperature dependence in all cases with the value increasing by a factor of 3 from room temperature to 150 K for low biases and 100 K at high biases. An abrupt decrease in output power occurs below 90 K, and the spectrum shifts to lower frequencies as the temperature is lowered. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.

}, keywords = {domain, generation, Physics, pulses, semiconductor surfaces, transmission spectroscopy}, isbn = {0003-6951}, doi = {10.1063/1.121329}, author = {Markelz, A. G. and Heilweil, E. J.} } @article {265, title = {Undressing a collective intersubband excitation in a quantum well}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, volume = {76}, number = {13}, year = {1996}, note = {Sherwin, Mark S/Q-4762-2017
Sherwin, Mark S/0000-0002-3869-1893; Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
78}, month = {Mar 25}, pages = {2382-2385}, abstract = {

We have experimentally measured the 1-2 intersubband absorption in a single 40 nm wide modulation-doped Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs square quantum well as a function of frequency, intensity, and charge density. The low-intensity depolarization-shifted absorption occurs near 80 cm(-1) (10 meV or 2.4 THz), nearly 30\% higher than the intersubband spacing. At higher intensities, the absorption peak shifts to lower frequencies. Our data are in good agreement with a theory proposed by Zaluzny, which attributes the redshift to a reduction in the depolarization shift as the excited subband becomes populated.

}, isbn = {0031-9007}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.2382}, author = {Craig, K. and Galdrikian, B. and Heyman, J. N. and Markelz, A. G. and Williams, J. B. and Sherwin, M. S. and Campman, K. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A. C.} } @article {272, title = {NONLINEAR QUANTUM DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM-WELLS}, journal = {Physica D-Nonlinear Phenomena}, volume = {83}, number = {1-3}, year = {1995}, note = {Sherwin, Mark S/Q-4762-2017
Sherwin, Mark S/0000-0002-3869-1893; Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
14th Annual International Conference of the Center-for-Nonlinear-Studies - Quantum Complexity in Mesoscopic Systems
May 16-20, 1994
Los alamos, nm
Ctr nonlinear studies
34}, month = {May 15}, pages = {229-242}, abstract = {

We discuss recent measurements of the nonlinear response of electrons in wide quantum wells driven by intense electromagnetic radiation at terahertz frequencies. The theme is the interplay of quantum mechanics, strong periodic driving, the electron-electron interaction and dissipation. We discuss harmonic generation from an asymmetric double quantum well in which the effects of dynamic screening are important. Measurements and theory are found to be in good agreement. We also discuss intensity-dependent absorption in a 400 Angstrom square quantum well. A new nonlinear quantum effect occurs, in which the frequency at which electromagnetic radiation is absorbed shifts to the red with increasing intensity. The preliminary experimental results are in agreement with a theory by Zaluzny, in which the source of the nonlinearity is the self-consistent potential in the Hartree approximation for the electron dynamics.

}, isbn = {0167-2789}, doi = {10.1016/0167-2789(94)00266-S}, author = {Sherwin, M. S. and Craig, K. and Galdrikian, B. and Heyman, J. and Markelz, A. and Campman, K. and Fafard, S. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A.} } @article {259, title = {RESONANT-ENERGY RELAXATION OF TERAHERTZ-DRIVEN 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GASES}, journal = {Physical Review B}, volume = {51}, number = {24}, year = {1995}, note = {Sherwin, Mark S/Q-4762-2017
Sherwin, Mark S/0000-0002-3869-1893; Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
119}, month = {Jun 15}, pages = {18041-18044}, isbn = {0163-1829}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.51.18041}, author = {Asmar, N. G. and Markelz, A. G. and Gwinn, E. G. and Cerne, J. and Sherwin, M. S. and Campman, K. L. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A. C.} } @proceedings {181, title = {Terahertz grid frequency doublers}, year = {1995}, publisher = {Citeseer}, url = {https://www.nrao.edu/meetings/isstt/papers/1995/1995199206.pdf}, author = {Chiao, Jung-Chih and Markelz, Andrea and Li, Yongjun and Hacker, Jonathan and Crowe, Thomas and Allen, James and Rutledge, David} } @article {260, title = {DC TRANSPORT IN INTENSE, INPLANE TERAHERTZ ELECTRIC-FIELDS IN AL(X)GA(1-X)AS HETEROSTRUCTURES AT 300-K}, journal = {Solid-State Electronics}, volume = {37}, number = {4-6}, year = {1994}, note = {Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
6th International Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures
Aug 23-27, 1993
Garmisch partenkir, germany
Tech univ munchen, walter schottky inst
1}, month = {Apr-Jun}, pages = {693-695}, abstract = {

We report 300 K studies of the dependence of the in-plane, d.c. conductivity, sigma(d.c.) (E(omega)), of a quasi 2D electron gas on the amplitude E(omega) and frequency of intense, far-infrared fields (omega/2pi = 0.24-3.5 THz). We measure sigma(d.c.) (E(omega) parallel-to E(d.c.)), where E(d.c.) is a small sensing field, and observe a monotonic decrease in sigma(d.c.) with increasing E(omega). Although a simple scaling ansatz collapses the measured sigma(d.c.) (E(omega)) data onto a single curve for frequencies from 0.25-3.45 THz (at low to moderate scaled fields), the decrease in conductivity is substantially more rapid than expected from comparison to similar data taken by Masselink et al. [Solid-St. Electron. 31, 337 (1988)] at 35 GHz. We tentatively attribute this difference to effects of a high-frequency modulation in the electron temperature.

}, isbn = {0038-1101}, doi = {10.1016/0038-1101(94)90278-X}, author = {Asmar, N. G. and Markelz, A. G. and Gwinn, E. G. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A. C.} } @article {261, title = {ENERGY RELAXATION AT THZ FREQUENCIES IN ALXGA1-XAS HETEROSTRUCTURES}, journal = {Semiconductor Science and Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, note = {Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
S
8th International Conference on Hot Carriers in Semiconductors
Aug 16-20, 1993
Oxford univ, oxford, england
Sci \& engn res council; royal soc; brit council; oxford univ
2}, month = {May}, pages = {828-830}, abstract = {

We report 4.2 K studies of the dependence of the in-plane, DC conductivity of a quasi 2D electron gas on the amplitude E(omega) of applied fields with frequencies from 0.25 THz to 3.5 THz. We analyse the dependence of sigma(DC) on E(omega) assuming that electron-optical phonon scattering dominates energy relaxation, that the absorbed power has a Drude form and that the electron distribution is thermal. This simple analysis is self-consistent: Arrhenius plots of the estimated energy loss rate have a slope near -homega(LO)BAR/k(B) for all frequencies, as expected for energy loss by optical phonon emission. We find that the effective energy relaxation time tau(epsilon) varies with the frequency of the applied field, from tau(epsilon) approximately 4 ps at 0.34 THz to tau(epsilon) approximately 0.3 ps at 3.45 THz. This may indicate a frequency-dependent form for the hot-phonon distribution.

}, isbn = {0268-1242}, doi = {10.1088/0268-1242/9/5S/116}, author = {Asmar, N. G. and Markelz, A. G. and Gwinn, E. G. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A. C.} } @proceedings {319, title = {Far-infrared harmonic generation from semiconductor heterostructures}, volume = {1854}, year = {1994}, pages = {48-55}, author = {Markelz, A.G. and Gwinn, E. G. and Sherwin, M. S. and Heyman, J. N. and Nguyen, C. and Kroemer, H.} } @article {264, title = {FAR-INFRARED SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY OF A SINGLE SQUARE-WELL}, journal = {Semiconductor Science and Technology}, volume = {9}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, note = {Sherwin, Mark S/Q-4762-2017
Sherwin, Mark S/0000-0002-3869-1893; Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
S
8th International Conference on Hot Carriers in Semiconductors
Aug 16-20, 1993
Oxford univ, oxford, england
Sci \& engn res council; royal soc; brit council; oxford univ
31}, month = {May}, pages = {627-629}, abstract = {

We have performed saturation spectroscopy measurements of the lowest intersubband transition in a single 400 angstrom GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As modulation-doped square quantum well. We couple intense tunable far-infrared radiation from the Santa Barbara free electron laser into our sample using an edge-coupling technique and measure absorption as a function of frequency and intensity. Saturation and frequency shifts in the absorption line are clearly observed. We attribute the frequency shifts to reductions in the many-body depolarization shift. From our preliminary measurements, we estimate the intersubband relaxation time to be 600 ps to within a factor of three.

}, isbn = {0268-1242}, doi = {10.1088/0268-1242/9/5S/061}, author = {Craig, K. and Felix, C. L. and Heyman, J. N. and Markelz, A. G. and Sherwin, M. S. and Campman, K. L. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A. C.} } @article {257, title = {PROBING TERAHERTZ DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES WITH UCSB FREE-ELECTRON LASERS}, journal = {Journal of Luminescence}, volume = {60-1}, year = {1994}, note = {Sherwin, Mark S/Q-4762-2017; Guimaraes, Paulo Sergio Soares/B-6918-2012
Sherwin, Mark S/0000-0002-3869-1893; Guimaraes, Paulo Sergio Soares/0000-0002-0113-2641; Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319
1993 International Conference on Luminescence (ICL 93)
Aug 09-13, 1993
Univ connecticut, storrs, ct
Univ connecticut; opt soc amer; amer phys soc; ieee, laser \& electro opt soc; int union pure \& appl phys; int sci fdn; univ connecticut res fdn
3}, month = {Apr}, pages = {250-255}, abstract = {

The UCSB free-electron lasers provide kilowatts of continuously tunable radiation from 120 GHz to 4.8 THz. They have the most impact on terahertz science and technology that require a tunable, high power source to explore non-linear dynamics or that sacrifice incident power to recover the linear response of systems with very small cross-section. We describe three experiments that demonstrate the utility of these lasers in experiments on the terahertz dynamics of semiconductor nanostructures: (i) terahertz dynamics of resonant tunneling diodes, (ii) saturation spectroscopy of quantum wells and (iii) photon-assisted tunneling in superlattices.

}, isbn = {0022-2313}, doi = {10.1016/0022-2313(94)90142-2}, author = {Allen, S. J. and Craig, K. and Felix, C. L. and Guimaraes, P. and Heyman, J. N. and Kaminski, J. P. and Keay, B. J. and Markelz, A. G. and Ramian, G. and Scott, J. S. and Sherwin, M. S. and Campman, K. L. and Hopkins, P. F. and Gossard, A. C. and Chow, D. and Lui, M. and Liu, T. Y.} } @proceedings {320, title = {Far-infrared nonlinear response of electrons in semiconductor nanostructures}, volume = {1854}, year = {1993}, pages = {36-47}, author = {Sherwin, M. S. and Asmar, N. G. and Bewley, W. W. and Craig, K. and Felix, C. L. and Galdrikian, B. and Gwinn, E. G. and Markelz, A.G. and Gossard, A. C. and Hopkins, P. F. and Sundaram, M. and Birnir, B.} } @article {298, title = {Site-selective oxygen-isotope substitution in YBa2Cu3O7-δ}, journal = {Physical Review B}, volume = {44}, year = {1991}, chapter = {9556}, abstract = {

We report selective substitution of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 isotopes into the inequivalent oxygen lattice sites in YBa2Cu3O7-δ. The technique involves gas-phase diffusion and exploits the site dependence of diffusion rates. The CuO2-plane [O(2),O(3)] sites of YBa2Cu3O7-δ can be filled with 18O while the apical [O(4)] and CuO-chain sites [O(1)] contain 16O (the opposite distribution can also be made). The site-selective isotope occupation has been confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Our method will permit experiments to determine the contributions of the different oxygen sites to the isotope effect, in order to locate the pairing interaction within the unit cell.

}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.44.9556}, url = {https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.44.9556}, author = {Morris, D. E. and Markelz, A. G. and Wei, J. Y. T. and Huitgren, C. T. and Nickel, J. H. and Hamilton, J. C. and McCarty, K. F.} } @article {281, title = {8 NEW HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH THE 1-2-4 STRUCTURE}, journal = {Physical Review B}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, note = {Scheven, Ulrich/D-7582-2013
Markelz, Andrea/0000-0003-0443-4319; Scheven, Ulrich/0000-0001-8111-0081
B
241}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {7347-7350}, isbn = {0163-1829}, doi = {10.1103/physrevb.39.7347 }, author = {Morris, D. E. and Nickel, J. H. and Wei, J. Y. T. and Asmar, N. G. and Scott, J. S. and Scheven, U. M. and Hultgren, C. T. and Markelz, A. G. and Post, J. E. and Heaney, P. J. and Veblen, D. R. and Hazen, R. M.} } @article {278, title = {OXYGEN CONCENTRATION EFFECT ON TC OF THE BI-CA-SR-CU-O SUPERCONDUCTOR}, journal = {Physical Review B}, volume = {39}, number = {10}, year = {1989}, note = {A
155}, month = {Apr 1}, pages = {6612-6614}, isbn = {0163-1829}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.39.6612 }, author = {Morris, D. E. and Hultgren, C. T. and Markelz, A. M. and Wei, J. Y. T. and Asmar, N. G. and Nickel, J. H.} }